Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: B Cell-Derived and Non-B Cell-Derived Free Light Chains: From Generation to Biological and Pathophysiological Roles

doi: 10.3390/ijms26157607

Figure Lengend Snippet: Morphology and Distribution of B Cell-derived and Non-B Cell-Derived Free Light Chains. This figure illustrates the typical morphological forms and tissue distributions of B cell-derived free light chains (B-FLCs) and non-B cell-derived free light chains (Non-B-FLCs). ( A ) B-FLCs predominantly deposit in the renal and cardiovascular systems, manifesting as crystalline inclusions in proximal tubule epithelial cells (light-chain proximal tubulopathy, LCPT), granular deposits in the glomerular basement membrane (light-chain deposition disease, LCDD), misfolded fibrils in the basement membrane, podocyte slit diaphragm, and cardiomyocyte extracellular matrix (AL amyloidosis), or uromodulin-bound casts in the distal tubule (light-chain cast nephropathy, LCCN). ( B ) Cancer-cell-derived or epithelial-cell-derived non-B-FLCs exist as extracellular amorphous monomers, dimers, polymers, and fibrils or are intracellularly located around the nucleus to display a filamentous network. Created in BioRender ( BioRender.com ). Li, L. (2025).

Article Snippet: Subsequent developments introduced alternative commercial serum FLC assays, including nephelometric methods like N-Latex FLC (Siemens; using monoclonal antibodies) and lateral flow methods like Seralite (Abingdon Health-Sebia; competitive inhibition lateral flow immunoassay), as well as the sandwich ELISA-based Sebia FLC assay (Sebia; using polyclonal antibody) [ , ].

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Membrane

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: B Cell-Derived and Non-B Cell-Derived Free Light Chains: From Generation to Biological and Pathophysiological Roles

doi: 10.3390/ijms26157607

Figure Lengend Snippet: Diverse Biological Functions of B Cell-Derived and Non-B Cell-Derived Free Light Chains. This figure illustrates B-FLCs/Non-B-FLCs’ diverse biological functions with currently elucidated molecular mechanisms, both physiologically and pathologically. ( A ) Classical B-FLCs participate in the formation of the antigen-binding region of intact immunoglobulins, interact with innate immune cells, e.g., mast cells and neutrophils in inflammation, perform enzymatic activity, e.g., anti-angiogenic, prothrombinase, and proteolytic activity, as well as function in damage to the cardiovascular system and renal system. ( B ) Non-B-FLCs exhibit distinct mechanistic roles: inflammasome activation in colitis, integrin-mediated FAK/SRC pathway activation in colon cancer progression, hepatoprotection via apoptosis inhibition during liver injury and promotion of hepatocellular carcinoma through ETFA binding and stabilization to enhance β-oxidation. Created in BioRender ( BioRender.com ). Li, L. (2025).

Article Snippet: Subsequent developments introduced alternative commercial serum FLC assays, including nephelometric methods like N-Latex FLC (Siemens; using monoclonal antibodies) and lateral flow methods like Seralite (Abingdon Health-Sebia; competitive inhibition lateral flow immunoassay), as well as the sandwich ELISA-based Sebia FLC assay (Sebia; using polyclonal antibody) [ , ].

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Binding Assay, Activity Assay, Activation Assay, Inhibition